“In the field of architecture, researchers have delved into the compressive performance of 3D printed concrete permanent formwork composite columns. Through experiments and numerical simulations, the axial compression load displacement response and failure modes were analyzed. The research results indicate that the axial compressive ultimate bearing capacity of composite columns increases with the improvement of interfacial bonding performance and compressive strength of cast-in-place concrete, and is linearly related to the thickness of the printing template. Meanwhile, the influence of load eccentricity on the ultimate bearing capacity of composite cylinders is significant. This discovery provides important reference for the design of 3D printed concrete structures.”