Mechanism of gold foil corrosion by two dominant fungal strains on the Dazu Thousand-handed and Thousand-eyed Avalokitesvara

YANG Hao; HE Qiang; ZHAO Gang; FENG Xuemei; WANG Wei; FAN Yueting; JIANG Siwei; GUO Jinsong

doi:10.11835/j.issn.2096-6717.2025.110

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

Mechanism of gold foil corrosion by two dominant fungal strains on the Dazu Thousand-handed and Thousand-eyed Avalokitesvara

Civil Engineering | 更新时间：2026-03-30

- Mechanism of gold foil corrosion by two dominant fungal strains on the Dazu Thousand-handed and Thousand-eyed Avalokitesvara
- Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Vol. 48, Issue 2, Pages: 30-39(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.重庆大学环境与生态学院, 重庆 400045
  2.大足石刻研究院, 重庆 402360
- 作者简介：
  
  YANG Hao (1995- ), PhD candidate, main research interest: environmental microorganisms, E-mail: 810279461@qq.com.
  ZHAO Gang （corresponding author）， research fellow of museum， E-mail： 327009103@qq.com.
  GUO Jinsong （corresponding author）， professor， doctorial supervisor， E-mail： guo0768@cqu.edu.cn.
- 基金信息：
  
  National Special Funds for Cultural Heritage Conservation (Letter on Cultural Heritage Conservation [2011] No. 262)(文物保函〔2011〕262号);Special Key Project of Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development(CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0095)
- DOI：10.11835/j.issn.2096-6717.2025.110
  CLC： TU87
- Received：21 July 2025，
  
  Published：25 April 2026
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
杨豪,贺嫱,赵岗等.两株优势霉菌对大足千手观音金箔腐蚀的作用机制[J].土木与环境工程学报,2026,48(02):30-39.

YANG Hao,HE Qiang,ZHAO Gang,et al.Mechanism of gold foil corrosion by two dominant fungal strains on the Dazu Thousand-handed and Thousand-eyed Avalokitesvara[J].Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering,2026,48(02):30-39.
杨豪,贺嫱,赵岗等.两株优势霉菌对大足千手观音金箔腐蚀的作用机制[J].土木与环境工程学报,2026,48(02):30-39. DOI： 10.11835/j.issn.2096-6717.2025.110.

YANG Hao,HE Qiang,ZHAO Gang,et al.Mechanism of gold foil corrosion by two dominant fungal strains on the Dazu Thousand-handed and Thousand-eyed Avalokitesvara[J].Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering,2026,48(02):30-39. DOI： 10.11835/j.issn.2096-6717.2025.110.

摘要

近年来，大足石刻千手观音造像贴金层出现局部劣化现象，对文物本体安全构成一定威胁。以分离自金箔表面的杂色曲霉菌（

Aspergillus versicolor

）和易脆毛霉菌（

Mucor fragilis

）两株优势菌株为研究对象，在实验室模拟条件下通过对pH值、开路电位、交流阻抗谱及极化曲线等参数监测，结合透射电子显微镜（TEM）和X射线能谱（EDS）分析，初步探究两株霉菌对金箔的腐蚀机制。结果表明，两株霉菌均显著加速了金箔腐蚀，导致表面金（Au）元素含量显著下降并伴随C、O、S元素富集。电化学测试发现，两株霉菌使腐蚀电位负移0.20~0.24 V，腐蚀电流密度提高近10倍，腐蚀效率分别为91.38%和88.91%。初步机制推断表明：霉菌代谢产生的有机酸（如柠檬酸和草酸）导致溶液快速酸化（pH值降至4.5~4.8），破坏钝化层；其胞外聚合物促进了生物膜形成，并可能通过吸附硫化物加剧界面反应。其中，杂色曲霉菌的片状腐蚀可能与其亲水性多糖生物膜增强了电解液渗透相关，而易脆毛霉菌的裂隙扩展可能源于糖化产物的微电池效应。

Abstract

In recent years

partial deterioration of the gilded layer on the Dazu Thousand-handed and Thousand-eyed Avalokitesvara has posed a serious threat to the preservation of this cultural herita

ge. In this study

Aspergillus versicolor

and

Mucor fragilis

previously isolated from the gold foil surface

were selected as model organisms. Laboratory-simulated conditions were employed to investigate their corrosive effects on the gold foil. Corrosion behavior was monitored through pH

open circuit potential

electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

and polarization curves. Additionally

transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were utilized to characterize morphological and elemental changes. The results demonstrated that both fungal strains significantly accelerated gold foil corrosion. A marked decrease in surface gold (Au) content was observed

accompanied by the enrichment of carbon (C)

oxygen (O)

and sulfur (S) elements. Electrochemical analyses revealed a negative shift in corrosion potential by 0.20-0.24 V

a nearly tenfold increase in corrosion current density

and corrosion efficiencies of 91.38% and 88.91% for

Aspergillus versicolor

and

Mucor fragilis

respectively. The preliminary mechanistic inferences suggest that organic acids (e.g.

citric acid and oxalic acid) produced by fungal metabolism rapidly reduced the local pH to 4.5-4.8

thereby disrupting the passive layer. Moreover

extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secreted by the fungi facilitated biofilm formation and likely enhanced interfacial reactions through sulfide adsorption. The flake corrosion patterns induced by

Aspergillus versicolor

were attributed to the increased electrolyte penetration promoted by its hydrophilic polysaccharide-rich biofilm. Conversely

the crack propagation caused by

Mucor fragilis

was possibly driven by micro-galvanic effects associated with its saccharification products.

关键词

Keywords

references

唐文彦 . 大足石刻千手观音造像病害形成及其保存环境监控与测评 [D ] . 重庆 : 重庆大学 , 2023 .

TANG W Y . Disease occurrence of Thousand-hand Bodhisattva and conservation environment monitor and evaluation [D ] . Chongqing : Chongqing University , 2023 . (in Chinese)

田兴玲 , 马清林 , 陈卉丽 , 等 . 重庆大足千手观音造像金箔显微结构分析 [J ] . 稀有金属 , 2010 , 34 ( 增刊1 ): 70 - 73 .

TIAN X L , MA Q L , CHEN H L , et al . Analysis of microstructure of gold foils from Thousand Hands Buddhism in Dazu County of Chongqing City [J ] . Chinese Journal of Rare Metals , 2010 , 34 ( Sup 1 ): 70 - 73 .

TIAN X L , MA Q L , ZHENG M T , et al . Gold leaf corrosion in moisture acid atmosphere at ambient temperature [J ] . Rare Metal Materials and Engineering , 2014 , 43 ( 11 ): 2637 - 2642 .

GAO F , ZHOU X , ZHOU H , et al . Characterization and analysis of sandstone substrate, mortar layers, gold foils, and paintings of the Avalokitesvara Statues in Dazu County (China) [J ] . Journal of Cultural Heritage , 2016 , 21 : 881 - 888 .

范月婷 . 易脆毛霉菌对千手观音造像金箔腐蚀的研究 [D ] . 重庆 : 重庆大学 , 2022 .

FAN Y T . Study on the corrosion of the gold foil of one Thousand Hand Buddha statue by Mucor fragile [D ] . Chongqing : Chongqing University , 2022 . (in Chinese)

蔡亮 . 环境湿度和封护漆组分对千手观音造像金箔毛霉菌腐蚀的影响研究 [D ] . 重庆 : 重庆大学 , 2024 .

CAI L . Study on the effect of environmental humidity and components of sealant on the corrosion of Thousand-hand Avalokitesvara gold foil by Mucor [D ] . Chongqing : Chongqing University , 2024 . (in Chinese)

夏进 , 徐大可 , 南黎 , 等 . 从生物能量学和生物电化学角度研究金属微生物腐蚀的机理 [J ] . 材料研究学报 , 2016 , 30 ( 3 ): 161 - 170 .

XIA J , XU D K , NAN L , et al . Study on mechanisms of microbiologically influenced corrision of metal from the perspective of bioelectrochemistry and bio-energetics [J ] . Chinese Journal of Materials Research , 2016 , 30 ( 3 ): 161 - 170 . (in Chinese)

XU D K , GU T Y , LOVLEY D R . Microbially mediated metal corrosion [J ] . Nature Reviews Microbiology , 2023 , 21 ( 11 ): 705 - 718 .

王宇晗 , 李俊 , 刘恒维 , 等 . 海洋环境中金属材料微生物腐蚀研究进展 [J ] . 中国腐蚀与防护学报 , 2025 , 45 ( 3 ): 577 - 588 .

WANG Y H , LI J , LIU H W , et al . Research progress of microbial corrosion of metallic materials in marine environment [J ] . Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and Protection , 2025 , 45 ( 3 ): 577 - 588 . (in Chinese)

LI C P , CAI Z , WEI B X , et al . Synthesis of Cu-Ag bimetallic nanoparticle hydrosols and their superior antibacterial performances for control of microbial corrosion by desulfovibrio desulfuricans biofilm [J ] . Advanced Functional Materials , 2025 , 35 ( 35 ): 2500354 .

吕美英 , 李振欣 , 杜敏 , 等 . 微生物腐蚀中生物膜的生成、作用与演变 [J ] . 表面技术 , 2019 , 48 ( 11 ): 59 - 68, 139 .

LYU M Y , LI Z X , DU M , et al . Formation, function and evolution of biofilm in microbiologically influenced corrosion [J ] . Surface Technology , 2019 , 48 ( 11 ): 59 - 68, 139 . (in Chinese)

ZHANG L N , GUAN F , ZHAN T R , et al . The corrosion mechanism of Q355 steel electrically connected to the Al-Zn-In-Cd sacrificial anode: From microbial community to corrosion behavior analysis [J ] . Bioelectrochemistry , 2025 , 165 : 108990 .

王艺蓉 , 陈璐 , 刘红昌 , 等 . 不同比例黄铁矿对嗜酸微生物-辉锑矿相互作用的影响研究 [J ] . 生物学杂志 , 2024 , 41 ( 3 ): 21 - 33 .

WANG Y R , CHEN L , LIU H C , et al . Study on the effect of different proportions of pyrite on the interaction between acidophilic microorganisms and stibnite [J ] . Journal of Biology , 2024 , 41 ( 3 ): 21 - 33 . (in Chinese)

LITTLE B , WAGNER P , MANSFELD F . Microbiologically influenced corrosion of metals and alloys [J ] . International Materials Reviews , 1991 , 36 ( 1 ): 253 - 272 .

ROSELLI S , DEYÁ M C , BELLOTTII N . Fungal deterioration of anti-corrosive coatings [J ] . Paint & Coating Industry , 2020 , 36 ( 11 ): 50 - 58 .

LIU H X , ZHANG W Q , ZHAO Z L , et al . Broken passive film and subsequent pitting corrosion behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel induced by marine fungus Aspergillus terreus in artificial seawater [J ] . Corrosion Science , 2023 , 218 : 111147 .

FAN Q , FU L , LIN L , et al . Corrosion behavior of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy in the presence of Aspergillus niger [J ] . International Journal of Electrochemical Science , 2021 , 16 ( 9 ): 210921 .

ZHANG T S , WANG J L , ZHANG G A , et al . The corrosion promoting mechanism of Aspergillus niger on 5083 aluminum alloy and inhibition performance of miconazole nitrate [J ] . Corrosion Science , 2020 , 176 : 108930 .

ZHAO H Y , GU Y Y , XI T , et al . Aspergillus niger reduces the corrosion resistance of maraging stainless steel by destroying the passive film [J ] . Materials Letters , 2025 , 391 : 138522 .

WANG J P , ZHANG Y , LIU H W , et al . Fungal corrosion behavior and mechanism of deposit-covered aluminum alloy 7075 in marine environment [J ] . Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China , 2025 , 35 ( 5 ): 1406 - 1423 .

王伟 . 两株真菌对千手观音造像金箔腐蚀的研究 [D ] . 重庆 : 重庆大学 , 2021 .

WANG W . Study on the corrosion of the gold foil of one Thousand Hand Buddha statue by two fungi [D ] . Chongqing : Chongqing University , 2021 . (in Chinese)

RAPER K B , FENNELL D I . The genus Aspergillus [M ] . Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins , 1965 .

ZIMBRO M J , POWER D A , MILLER S , et al . Difco & BBL manual: Manual of microbiological culture media [M ] . Sparks, MD : BD Diagnostics-Diagnostic Systems , 2009 .

XU J , CHENG S L , ZHANG R J , et al . Study on the mechanism of sodium ion inhibiting citric acid fermentation in Aspergillus niger [J ] . Bioresource Technology , 2024 , 394 : 130245 .

GUTAROWSKA B , CZYŻOWSKA A . The ability of filamentous fungi to produce acids on indoor building materials [J ] . Annals of Microbiology , 2009 , 59 ( 4 ): 807 - 813 .

MOHAMED H , NAZ T , LIU Q , et al . Fed-batch fermentation of Mucor circinelloides reveals significant improvement in biomass and lipid accumulation through performance evaluation, chemical analysis, and expression profiling [J ] . Bioresource Technology , 2024 , 398 : 130540 .

LI F Y , THANANUSAK R , RAETHONG N , et al . Dissecting holistic metabolic acclimatization of Mucor circinelloides WJ11 defective in carotenoid biosynthesis [J ] . Biology , 2024 , 13 ( 4 ): 276 .

柳萍 , 王建龙 . 碳源对固定化黑曲霉生产柠檬酸影响的研究 [J ] . 食品与发酵工业 , 1997 , 23 ( 2 ): 29 - 33 .

LIU P , WANG J L . Effect of the carbon sources on citric acid production by immobilized Aspergillus niger [J ] . Food and Fermentation Industries , 1997 , 23 ( 2 ): 29 - 33 . (in Chinese)

郑毅 , 陈接锋 , 马石金 , 等 . 黑曲霉FS25产β-葡聚糖酶发酵特性的研究 [J ] . 微生物学通报 , 2001 , 28 ( 4 ): 47 - 50 .

ZHENG Y , CHEN J F , MA S J , et al . Studies on the fermentation conditions of Aspergillus niger FS25 producing β-glucanase [J ] . Microbiology China , 2001 , 28 ( 4 ): 47 - 50 . (in Chinese)

LAHOZ R , REYES F , MARTINEZ M J , et al . Effect of the pH on the degree of autolysis of Aspergillus niger [J ] . Canadian Journal of Botany , 1979 , 57 ( 18 ): 1901 - 1903 .

GEN M S , ZHANG R F , CHAN C K . Nitrite/nitrous acid generation from the reaction of nitrate and Fe(Ⅱ) promoted by photolysis of iron-organic complexes [J ] . Environmental Science & Technology , 2021 , 55 ( 23 ): 15715 - 15723 .

PICARDAL F . Abiotic and microbial interactions during anaerobic transformations of Fe(Ⅱ) and NO X - [J ] . Frontiers in Microbiology , 2012 , 3 : 112 .

VRAČAR R Ž , CEROVIĆ K P . Kinetics of oxidation of Fe(Ⅱ) ions by gaseous oxygen at high temperatures in an autoclave [J ] . Hydrometallurgy , 1997 , 44 ( 1/2 ): 113 - 124 .

CONRAD J K , LISOUSKAYA A , BARR L , et al . High-temperature reaction kinetics of the e aq - and HO 2 • radicals with iron(Ⅱ) ions in aqueous solutions [J ] . The Journal of Physical Chemistry A , 2023 , 127 ( 27 ): 5683 - 5688 .

王萱 , 李阔 , 郑海燕 , 等 . 分子体系的高压化学反应 [J ] . 化学通报 , 2019 , 82 ( 5 ): 387 - 398 .

WANG X , LI K , ZHENG H Y , et al . Chemical reactions of molecules under high pressure [J ] . Chemistry , 2019 , 82 ( 5 ): 387 - 398 . (in Chinese)

李劲风 , 张昭 , 曹发和 , 等 . LC4铝合金剥蚀及其电化学阻抗行为 [J ] . 中国有色金属学报 , 2002 , 12 ( 6 ): 1189 - 1193 .

LI J F , ZHANG Z , CAO F H , et al . Exfoliation corrosion and electrochemical impedance behavior of LC4 alloy [J ] . The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals , 2002 , 12 ( 6 ): 1189 - 1193 . (in Chinese)

SHARIAT A H , MOGHIMI H , GIYAHCHI M , et al . Comprehensive evaluation of fungal-induced corrosion in aluminum alloys by Amorphotheca resinae [J ] . Scientific Reports , 2024 , 14 : 19096 .

刘倩倩 , 卢琳 , 高歌 , 等 . 大气环境中金属及其保护层霉菌腐蚀研究的进展 [J ] . 工程科学学报 , 2017 , 39 ( 10 ): 1463 - 1469 .

LIU Q Q , LU L , GAO G , et al . Research progress on fungal corrosion of metals and their protective layers in atmos-pheric environments [J ] . Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing , 2017 , 39 ( 10 ): 1463 - 1469 . (in Chinese)

GAMARRA N N , VILLENA G K , GUTIÉRREZ-CORREA M . Cellulase production by Aspergillus niger in biofilm, solid-state, and submerged fermentations [J ] . Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology , 2010 , 87 ( 2 ): 545 - 551 .

ZHANG C , SHI M , XU Y Y , et al . Conditional expression of FumA in Aspergillus niger enhances synthesis of L-malic acid [J ] . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 2024 , 90 ( 4 ): e00008-24 .

OFORI-SARPONG G , OSSEO-ASARE K , TIEN M . Mycohydrometallurgy: Biotransformation of double refractory gold ores by the fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium [J ] . Hydrometallurgy , 2013 , 137 : 38 - 44 .

BINDSCHEDLER S , BOUQUET T Q TVU , JOB D , et al . Fungal biorecovery of gold from e-waste [J ] . Advances in Applied Microbiology , 2017 , 99 : 53 - 81 .

吴宇圳 , 张慧敏 , 安芳芳 , 等 . 不同生境来源杂色曲霉次级代谢产物研究进展 [J ] . 天然产物研究与开发 , 2023 , 35 ( 2 ): 342 - 352 .

WU Y Z , ZHANG H M , AN F F , et al . Research progress on secondary metabolites of Aspergillus versicolor from different habitats [J ] . Natural Product Research and Development , 2023 , 35 ( 2 ): 342 - 352 . (in Chinese)

TRAYNOR A M , SHERIDAN K J , JONES G W , et al . Involvement of sulfur in the biosynthesis of essential metabolites in pathogenic fungi of animals, particularly Aspergillus spp.: Molecular and therapeutic implications [J ] . Frontiers in Microbiology , 2019 , 10 : 2859 .

TUHAĬ T I . Activity of antioxidant system of Aspergillus versicolor with radio adaptive properties under conditions of exposure to radiation [J ] . Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal , 2011 , 73 ( 5 ): 28 - 35 .

XU X G , YANG Y , ZHAO X X , et al . Recovery of gold from electronic wastewater by Phomopsis sp. XP-8 and its potential application in the degradation of toxic dyes [J ] . Bioresource Technology , 2019 , 288 : 121610 .

张雨轩 , 陈翠颖 , 刘宏伟 , 等 . 铝合金霉菌腐蚀研究进展 [J ] . 中国腐蚀与防护学报 , 2021 , 41 ( 1 ): 13 - 21 .

ZHANG Y X , CHEN C Y , LIU H W , et al . Research progress on mildew induced corrosion of Al-alloy [J ] . Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and Protection , 2021 , 41 ( 1 ): 13 - 21 . (in Chinese)

王姣姣 . 毛霉(Mucor sp .) 胞外多糖的分离纯化、结构表征及其对人胃癌细胞SGC-7901凋亡作用研究 [D ] . 芜湖 : 皖南医学院 , 2022 .

WANG J J . Separation, purification, structural characterization of a novel exopolysaccharide from Mucor sp . and its effect on apoptosis of human gastric cancer cells SGC-7901 [D ] . Wuhu : Wannan Medical College , 2022 . (in Chinese)

ZHANG J , SUN Y H , LI Z L , et al . Structure-based design of mucor pusillus pepsin for the improved ratio of clotting activity/proteolytic activity in cheese manufacture [J ] . Protein & Peptide Letters , 2015 , 22 ( 7 ): 660 - 667 .

WAN Y T , SUN Y T , CAI D Z , et al . Influence of ethanol on pitting corrosion behavior of stainless steel for bioethanol fermentation tanks [J ] . Frontiers in Chemistry , 2020 , 8 : 529 .

Views

下载量

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

提交

Tools

Publicity Resources

Effects of sealing materials on the physiological metabolism and corrosion action of Mucor fragilis on the gold foil surface of the Thousand-handed and Thousand-eyed Avalokitesvara

Related Author

HE Qiang

FENG Xuemei

WANG Wei

FAN Yueting

JIANG Siwei

FENG Xuemei

ZHAO Gang

YANG Hao

Related Institution

No data

AI问答

Address：Journals Department, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, P.R.China Postal code：400044
Tel：+86-23-65111322 Email：xuebao@cqu.edu.cn
Technical support is provided by Beijing Founder electronics co., LTD 京ICP备09064830号-19 京公网安备11010802024621
It is recommended to read the content of this site in Chrome&IE9+. Please switch to extreme mode in browser 360.
Cookies We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. By continuing, you agree to the use of cookies.

⁰