Since P. R. China has experienced extensive land resource use

environmental degradation

lagging rural development and other difficulties in 20th century

urbancountryside integration and ecological planning has become an important subject to build a harmonious society in the 21st century. The country attempted to use complexity science and ecological thinking based on recognizing the relationship between the city and countryside and raising the citycountryside space ecology coupling concept to construct a citycountryside space planning methods system consisting of the identification of urban and rural land uses

urban and rural nonconstruction land planning

citycountryside coupled environmental conditions assessment

coordinated citycountryside space development and citycountryside space system fractal optimization

and more.